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[citation needed]. Payne, Stanley G. and Palacios Jesus. [2] His career was boosted after the right-wing CEDA and PRR won the 1933 election, empowering him to lead the suppression of the 1934 uprising in Asturias. This week we have a piece written by guest-blogger Stanley G. Payne, co-author of the book Franco: A Personal and Political Biography. Disappointed with the plans for a strategic retreat from the interior to the African coastline by Primo de Rivera, Franco wrote in the April 1924 issue of Revista de Tropas Coloniales (Colonial Troops Magazine) that he would disobey orders of retreat given by a superior. Born in Ferrol, Galicia, into an upper-class military family, Franco served in the Spanish Army as a cadet in the Toledo Infantry Academy from 1907 to 1910. Francisco Franco was the leader of Spain between 1939 and 1975. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo (lhendatult Francisco Franco Bahamonde vi generalissimus (Generalsimo) Francisco Franco vi el Caudillo ('juht')); (4. detsember 1892 Ferrol - 20. november 1975 Madrid) oli Hispaania riigipea aastast 1936 kuni 1975. aastani, mil ta suri.. Tema esivanemate hulgas oli ka Portugali kuningaid. . [264] The Museum no longer maintains its online version of the exhibition. While Franco did not suffer any great abuse by his father's hand, he would never overcome his antipathy for his father and largely ignored him for the rest of his life. Owing to Franco's human-rights record, the Spanish government in 2007 banned all official public references to the Franco regime and began the removal of all statues, street names and memorials associated with the regime, with the last statue reportedly being removed in 2008 in the city of Santander. During the 1960s, the wealthy classes of Francoist Spain experienced further increases in wealth, particularly those who remained politically faithful, while a burgeoning middle class became visible as the "economic miracle" progressed. Because of his military ability and prestige, a political record unmarred by sectarian politics and conspiracies, and his proven ability to gain military assistance from Adolf Hitlers Germany and Benito Mussolinis Italy, Franco was the obvious choice. The English version of General Francisco Franco's Masoneria. Estimates of the family's wealth have ranged from 350million to 600million euros. [107] Initially, only military command mattered: this was divided into regional commands (Emilio Mola in the North, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano in Seville commanding Andalucia, Franco with an independent command, and Miguel Cabanellas in Zaragoza commanding Aragon). Anti-Catalan sentiment during the Spanish Civil War erupted in a wave of atrocities that Paul Preston documents in his book The Spanish Holocaust. Franco's efforts to restore Spain, consist with those of a totalitarian leader. Franco's Nationalists were supported by Fascist Italy, which sent the Corpo Truppe Volontarie and by Nazi Germany, which sent the Condor Legion. The prime minister wrote in his diary that it was probably more prudent to have Franco away from Madrid. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936."[61]. Stanley G. Payne says the total number of all kinds of executions in the Republican zone added up to about 56,000, and that those in the Nationalist zone probably amounted to at least 70,000, with an additional 28,000 executions after the war ended. While the Republican forces presented the war as a struggle to defend the Republic against fascism, Franco depicted himself as the defender of "Catholic Spain" against "atheist communism".[142][143]. [108] On 21 September it was decided that Franco was to be commander-in-chief (this unified command was opposed only by Cabanellas),[109] and, after some discussion, with no more than a lukewarm agreement from Queipo de Llano and from Mola, also head of government. Negotiations were successful with the Germany and Italy on 25 July and aircraft began to arrive in Tetouan on 2 August. [112], On 1 October 1936, in Burgos, Franco was publicly proclaimed as Generalsimo of the National army and Jefe del Estado (Head of State). Franco would have a close relationship with his daughter and was a proud parent, though his traditionalist attitudes and increasing responsibilities meant he left much of the child-rearing to his wife. Ultimately though, whether or not Franco was a fascist, is a 'technicality' in Preston's view. Franco led the Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War, and was aided by Hitler and Mussolini. This landing in the heartland of Abd el-Krim's tribe, combined with the French invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the short-lived Republic of the Rif. With the cargo came Soviet agents, technicians, instructors and propagandists. It began on the evening of 4 October, with the miners occupying several towns, attacking and seizing local Civil and Assault Guard barracks. Fearing the increasing popular opposition, the Radical and Socialist majority postponed the regular elections, thereby prolonging their stay in power for two more years. Pizarro came from a poor family. Franco became the Legion's second-in-command and returned to Africa. The port town of Ceuta and its larger sister city Melilla sit around 250 miles apart on the Mediterranean coast of Africa, and their Spanish past traces back more than 400 years, Slate report. The General Military Academy was dissolved, and Franco was placed on the inactive list. The Civil War had been largely a sanguinary struggle of attrition, marked by atrocities on both sides. Through this law, homosexuality and prostitution were made criminal offenses in 1954.[214]. Moredisciplinedand serious than other boys his age, Franco was close to his mother, a pious andconservativeupper middle-classRoman Catholic. Position: DF. As he points out, Franco was extremely close to Mussolini and Adolf Hitler - who both provided critical aid to his forces during the Spanish Civil War - and was "so much part of what will become the Axis", although ultimately wouldn't . [164] Franco had cautiously decided to enter the war on the Axis side in June 1940, and to prepare his people for war, an anti-British and anti-French campaign was launched in the Spanish media that demanded French Morocco, Cameroon and Gibraltar. On 11 August Mrida was taken, and on 15 August Badajoz, thus joining both nationalist-controlled areas. A Ley de la memoria histrica de Espaa (Law on the Historical Memory of Spain) was approved on 28 July 2006, by the Council of Ministers,[261] but it took until 31 October 2007, for the Congress of Deputies to approve an amended version as "The Bill to recognise and extend rights and to establish measures in favour of those who suffered persecution or violence during the Civil War and the Dictatorship" (in common parlance still known as Law of Historical Memory). When he was 18, he became the consensus No. Francsico himself declared that he was the regent of Spain and regularly wore the uniform of a caption general. [26] The wound was serious, and he was not expected to live. The following day he flew to Morocco and within 24 hours was firmly in control of the protectorate and the Spanish army garrisoning it. He made anti-Semitic remarks in a speech in May 1939, and made similar remarks on at least six occasions during World War II. Fast and self-learner, analytic, detail and goal oriented, excellent interpersonal skills. Not only did the Nationalists receive more foreign aid to sustain their war effort, but there is evidence that they made more efficient use of such aid. The year after, Mohammed V invaded Spanish Sahara during the Ifni War (known as the "Forgotten War" in Spain). Movies. In addition, declaring war on the UK and its allies would no doubt give them an opportunity to capture both the Canary Islands and Spanish Morocco, as well as possibly launch an invasion of mainland Spain itself. [258][259] The resolution was at the initiative of Leo Brincat and of the historian Luis Mara de Puig, and was the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by Franco's regime. Francisco Franco Alba, Director: Quemar las naves. In October 1934, during a bloody uprising of Asturian miners who opposed the admission of three conservative members to the government, Franco was called in to quell the revolt. His appeal was refused, and he was removed from the general staff and sent to an obscure command in the Canary Islands. It was elected in accordance with corporatist principles, and had little real power. In 1920, Lieutenant Colonel Jos Milln Astray, a histrionic but charismatic officer, founded the Spanish Foreign Legion, along similar lines as the French Foreign Legion. 2012 HarperPress. Francisco Franco. [146], Julin Casanova Ruiz, who was nominated in 2008 to join the panel of experts in the first judicial investigation, conducted by judge Baltasar Garzn, of Francoist crimes,[147] as well as historians Josep Fontana and Hugh Thomas, estimate deaths in the White Terror to be around 150,000 in total. The conspiracy suggested that Jews, Freemasons, Communists, and other leftists alike sought the destruction of Christian Europe, with Spain being the principal target. [9] Combined with wartime killings, this brings the death toll of the White Terror to between 100,000 and 200,000.[11]. Polo had a room in her apartment in which the walls were lined from floor to ceiling with forty columns of twenty drawers, some containing tiaras, necklaces, earrings, garlands, brooches and cameos. Characteristics of Franco. [258], Recently the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory (ARHM) initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, which has been supported since the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party's (PSOE) victory during the 2004 elections by Jos Luis Rodrguez Zapatero's government. As with his decision to relieve the garrison at Toledo, this approach has been subject of some debate:[116] some of his decisions, such as in June 1938 when he preferred to advance towards Valencia instead of Catalonia,[117] remain particularly controversial from a military strategic viewpoint. He restored the monarchy in his final years, being succeeded by Juan Carlos, King of Spain, who led the Spanish transition to democracy. [137] Franco made himself jefe nacional (National Chief) of the new FET (Falange Espaola Tradicionalista; Traditionalist Spanish Phalanx) with a secretary, Political Junta and National Council to be named subsequently by himself. [45], The elections held in October 1933 resulted in a centre-right majority. He requested help from Benito Mussolini, who responded with an offer of arms and planes. [34], The municipal elections of 12 April 1931 were largely seen as a plebiscite on the monarchy. As commander in chief during the Civil War, Franco was a careful and systematic leader. [175] Franco supplied Reichsfhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler, architect of the Nazis' Final Solution, with a list of 6,000 Jews in Spain.[175]. The left proved victorious in the elections, but the new government was unable to prevent the accelerating dissolution of Spains social and economic structure. Franco's strong nationalistic and military upbringing was the basis for his fascist dictatorship. [235] Because the family refused to choose another location, the Spanish Government ultimately chose to rebury Franco at the Mingorrubio Cemetery in El Pardo, where his wife Carmen Polo and a number of Francoist officials, most notably prime ministers Luis Carrero Blanco and Carlos Arias Navarro, are buried. Spanish efforts to occupy the new African protectorate provoked the Second Melillan campaign in 1909 against native Moroccans, the first of several Riffian rebellions. [101] Kennan alleges that once Stalin had decided to assist the Spanish Republicans, the operation was put in place with remarkable speed and energy. During the pre-stabilization years of 19571959, Spanish economic planners implemented partial measures such as moderate anti-inflationary adjustments and incremental moves to integrate Spain into the global economy, but external developments and a worsening domestic economic crisis forced them to adopt more sweeping changes. The backbone of Franco's air force in those days was the Italian SM.79 and SM.81 bombers, the biplane Fiat CR.32 fighter and the German Junkers Ju 52 cargo-bomber and the Heinkel He 51 biplane fighter. During the start of the Cold War, Franco lifted Spain out of its mid-20th century economic depression through technocratic and economically liberal policies, presiding over a period of accelerated growth known as the "Spanish miracle". Despite an attempt at a general stoppage in Madrid, other strikes did not endure. By early 1939 only Madrid (see History of Madrid) and a few other areas remained under control of the government forces. From 20 July onward Franco was able, with this small squadron of aircraft, to initiate an air bridge that carried 1,500 soldiers of the Army of Africa to Seville,[92] where these troops helped to ensure rebel control of the city. Franco was initially keen to join the war before the UK could be defeated.[163]. There was a public viewing of Franco's body at the funeral chapel opened in the Royal Palace; a mass and a military parade were held on the day of his burial. The town of Trujillo was in the Extremadura region of Spain, the same place where famed explorer Hernando de Soto was from. The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. The last public statue of Spain's former dictator, Francisco Franco, was removed from Spanish soil on Tuesday. The government gave Franco's family a 15-day deadline to decide Franco's final resting place, or else a "dignified place" would be chosen by the government. In 1907, he entered the Infantry Academy in Toledo. Fallecimiento: 20 de noviembre de 1975 (a los 82 aos de edad, por causas naturales). Match ends, Atltico Tucumn 0, Talleres de Crdoba 2. Advisers accompanied the armaments. Others contained gold, silver, diamonds, emeralds, rubies, topazes, and pearls, but the most valuable jewels were kept in bank vaults. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Tedulo Franco y Bahamonde (December 4, 1892 - November 20, 1975), abbreviated Francisco Franco y Bahamonde and commonly known as Generalsimo Francisco Franco, was the Dictator of Spain in parts of the country from 1936, and in its entirety from 1939 until his death in 1975. The Civil War ravaged the Spanish economy. @ adamdberry. This situation ended in part when, in the light of Cold War tensions and of Spain's strategic location, the United States of America entered into a trade and military alliance with Franco. The following year he was seriously wounded by a bullet in the abdomen and returned to Spain to recover. The Francisco Franco National Foundation [1] [2] [3] (Spanish: Fundacin Nacional Francisco Franco; FNFF) [4] is a foundation and propaganda hub created in 1976 devoted to promoting the legacy of the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco. [236] His body was to be exhumed from the Valle de los Cados on 10 June 2019, but the Supreme Court of Spain ruled that the exhumation would be delayed until the family had exhausted all possible appeals. It was said that officers would receive either la caja o la faja (a coffin or a general's sash). This way the republican government of Manuel Azaa initiated numerous reforms to what in their view would "modernize" the country. Conversely, critics on the left have denounced him as a tyrant responsible for thousands of deaths in years-long political repression, and have called him complicit in atrocities committed by Axis forces during World War II due to his support of the Axis governments. Generalissimo Francisco Franco Bahamonde (4 December 1892 - 20 November 1975) was dictator of Spain from 1939 until his death. [98], In early August, the situation in western Andalucia was stable enough to allow Franco to organise a column (some 15,000 men at its height), under the command of then Lieutenant-Colonel Juan Yage, which would march through Extremadura towards Madrid. Francisco Franco Bahamonde ( Spanish: [fanisko fako a.amonde]; 4 December 1892 - 20 November 1975) was a Spanish military general who led the Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War and thereafter ruled over Spain from 1939 to 1975 as a dictator, assuming the title Caudillo. Franco became a national hero, and in 1926, at age 33, he was promoted to brigadier general. Student revolts at universities in the late 1960s and early 1970s were violently repressed by the heavily armed Polica Armada (Armed Police). Spain attempted to retain control of its colonies throughout Franco's rule. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. For the first four years after taking Madrid, he ruled almost exclusively by decree. Franco's son-in-law, the Marquis of Villaverde, had a stake in dozens of companies just because of his relation to the dictator. [123] Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. [203] Under the perspective of a comparative of European fascisms, Javier Rodrigo considers the Francoist regime to be paradigmatic for three reasons: for being the only authoritarian European regime with totalitarian aspirations, for being the regime that deployed the most political violence in times of rhetorical peace, and for being the regime deploying the most effective "memoricidal" apparatus. Franco and Lpez Ochoa (who, prior to the campaign in Asturias, had been seen as a left-leaning officer)[56] emerged as officers prepared to use "troops against Spanish civilians as if they were a foreign enemy". [25] In 1916, aged 23 with the rank of captain, Franco was shot in the abdomen by guerilla gunfire during an assault on Moroccan positions at El Biutz, in the hills near Ceuta; this was the only time he was wounded in ten years of fighting. Jerez Mir, Miguel; Luque, Javier. [48] After a year of intense pressure, CEDA, the largest party in the congress, was finally successful in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. A week later the rebels, who soon called themselves the Nationalists, controlled a third of Spain; most naval units remained under control of the Republican loyalist forces, which left Franco isolated. [154] On the other side of the Pyrenees, refugees were confined in internment camps in France, such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions (mostly soldiers from the Durruti Division[155]). Although the transition to democracy was successful, the regime left deep scars in the Spanish society that can still be felt up to this day. [201] Francisco Cobo Romero writes that, besides neutering left-wing advances by using an essentially antiliberal brand of ultranationalism, "in its attempt to emulate Fascism, Francoism resorted to the sacralization and mystification of the motherland, raising it into an object of cult, and coating it with a liturgic divinization of its leader". The rebels made effective use of a smaller navy, acquiring the most powerful ships in the Spanish fleet and maintaining a functional officer corp, while Republican sailors had assassinated a large number of their naval officers who sided with the rebels in 1936, as at Cartagena,[126] and El Ferrol. Due to the spread of democracy, excluding the Eastern Bloc, in Europe since World War II, Juan Carlos could or would not have been a dictator in the way Franco had been. Subsequently, Alcal-Zamora vetoed the logical replacement, a majority center-right coalition, led by the CEDA, which would reflect the composition of the parliament. [241], In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. [256] Since 1978, the national anthem of Spain, the Marcha Real, does not include lyrics introduced by Franco. [75] Meanwhile, a conspiracy led by General Mola was taking shape. [202], All in all, some authors have pointed at a purported artificialness and failure of FET JONS in order to de-emphasize the Fascist weight within the regime whereas others have embedded those perceived features of "weak party" within the frame of a particular model of "Spanish Fascism". [88] The first days of the insurgency were marked by an imperative need to secure control over the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate. The accumulated wealth of Franco's family (including much real estate inherited from Franco, such as the Pazo de Meirs, the Canto del Pico in Torrelodones and the Casa Cornide[es] in A Corua and its provenance have also become matters of public discussion. [111], Mola had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was strongly identified with the Carlist monarchists and not at all with the Falange, a party with Fascist leanings and connections ("phalanx", a far-right Spanish political party founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera), nor did he have good relations with Germany. [97], The Communist International immediately started to organize the International Brigades, volunteer military units which included the Garibaldi Brigade from Italy and the Lincoln Battalion from the United States. By the time of Franco's death in 1975, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe but the gap between its per capita GDP and that of the leading Western European countries had narrowed greatly, and the country had developed a large industrialised economy. Franco presided over a government that was basically a military dictatorship, but he realized that it needed a regular civil structure to broaden its support; this was to be derived mainly from the antileftist middle classes. Three years later the Nationalists declared victory, which extended Franco's dictatorship over Spain through a period of repression of political opponents. Franco appealed the decision to the king, who reversed it. [156] The Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, who had been named by the Chilean President Pedro Aguirre Cerda special consul for immigration in Paris, was given responsibility for what he called "the noblest mission I have ever undertaken": shipping more than 2,000 Spanish refugees, who had been housed by the French in squalid camps, to Chile on an old cargo ship, the Winnipeg.[157]. He noted that while Hitler and Stalin maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, this was not the case in Spain in the early years after the war a situation that nominally made Franco's regime "the most purely arbitrary in the world".[192]. Franco had received important support from Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini during the Spanish Civil War, and he had signed the Anti-Comintern Pact. Getty Images/File Franco ruled Spain from the late 1930s until his death. Along with other "undesirables", they were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported to Nazi Germany. Franco recovered and on 2 September he resumed his duties as head of state. "[104][105] Hitler distrusted Franco; according to the comments he made at the conference he wanted the war to continue, but he did not want Franco to achieve total victory. On July 18, 1936, in the Canary Islands, Francisco Franco announced a military rebellion against the Spanish republic. Sepultura: Cementerio de Mingorrubio, Madrid, Espaa. The coup underway was precipitated by the assassination of the right-wing opposition leader Calvo Sotelo in retaliation for the murder of assault guard Jos Castillo, which had been committed by a group headed by a civil guard and composed of assault guards and members of the socialist militias. Author of. Citizenship: Mexico mx. Her father, Ladislao Bahamonde Ortega, was the commissar of naval equipment at the Port of El Ferrol. Most country towns and rural areas were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police force for civilians, which functioned as Franco's chief means of social control. 90'+9' Pre-Civil War industrial production levels were regained in the early 1950s, though agricultural output remained below prewar levels until 1958. This gesture was largely done to appease the monarchists in the Movimiento Nacional (Carlists and Alfonsists). Civil servants had to be Catholic, and some official jobs even required a "good behavior" statement by a priest. From 1917 to 1920, he served in Spain. [211] The Confederacin Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Unin General de Trabajadores (UGT) trade unions were outlawed, and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist Sindicato Vertical. Franco was removed as Director of the Zaragoza Military Academy in 1931; when the Civil War began, the colonels, majors, and captains of the Spanish Army who had attended the academy when he was its director displayed unconditional loyalty to him as Caudillo. This changed in 1942, when Franco convened a parliament known as the Cortes Espaolas. The longevity of Franco's rule, his suppression of political opposition, and his government's effective propaganda sustained through the years have made a detached evaluation difficult. By this time the Spanish political parties had split into two factions: the rightist National Bloc and the leftist Popular Front. Catholicism took over and became the religion par . [229], Following Franco's funeral, his widow Carmen Polo supervised the moving of crates of jewely, antiques, artworks, and Franco's papers to the family's various estates in Spain or to safe havens in foreign countries. [255] Churches that retain plaques commemorating Franco and the victims of his Republican opponents may lose state aid. The rebels appointed him at the end of September 1936 Generalissimo of the Armies and Head of the Government of the Spanish State. Franco himself along with General Emilio Mola had stirred an anti-Communist campaign in Morocco. Francisco Franco declared Spain to be a monarchy, to apease the monarchists, but left the throne empty. A privately owned DH 89 De Havilland Dragon Rapide, flown by two British pilots, Cecil Bebb and Hugh Pollard,[80] was chartered in England on 11 July to take Franco to Africa. At a time in which many Spanish officers were characterized by sloppiness and lack of professionalism, young Franco quickly showed his ability to command troops effectively and soon won a reputation for complete professional dedication. The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in 20th Century Spain. The impact of the Italian wars on the international stage, 19351945", "From Ostracism to a Leading Role Spain's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East Since 1939", "Religious Persecution, Anticlerical Tradition and Revolution: On Atrocities against the Clergy during the Spanish Civil War", "Reflexiones sobre la naturaleza y las consecuencias del franquismo", "The Riddle of the Rock: A Reassessment of German Motives for the Capture of Gibraltar in the Second World War", "Los discursos catastrofistas de los lderes de la derecha y la difusin del mito del golpe de Estado comunista", "The Spanish Popular Front and the Civil War", "The Spanish Civil War and the origins of the Second World War", "Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco", "Indalecio Prieto en Cuenca: comentarios al discurso pronunciado el 1 de mayo de 1936", Democracy and Civil war in Spain 19311939, Franco, Espaa y la II Guerra Mundial: Entre el Eje y la Neutralidad, Franco en la guerra civil Una biografia poltica, Adolf Hitler's Letter to General Franco (6 February 1941), Newspaper clippings about Francisco Franco, Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (18441932), National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party, British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women, Fdration d'action nationale et europenne, Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation, National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom), National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands, National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden), National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark, Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists, German National Movement in Liechtenstein, German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia), Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party, United Hungarian National Socialist Party, Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit, Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party, National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement, An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus, The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia, Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics, Nationalsozialistischer Reichsbund fr Leibesbungen, Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (boys), Union of Young Fascists Vanguard (girls), National Socialist German Students' League, Persecution of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francisco_Franco&oldid=1142100433, Spanish military personnel of the Spanish Civil War (National faction), Articles with Spanish-language sources (es), Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2022, Articles needing additional references from September 2020, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, The first-season episode "Cmo se reescribe el tiempo" of the Spanish television series, Franco is a character in CJ Sansom's book, Franco is the centrepiece of the satirical work.